Reza is a Consultant Cardiologist working at Westmead and St Leonards in Sydney, NSW. He has a special interest in cardiac imaging and preventive medicine.
The main pathologies causing unilateral swollen legs are venous stasis (like Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) or venous insufficiency), lymphedema, malignancy, trauma and infections (like cellulitis). Unilateral swelling of the lower extremities should be categorized as Acute vs Chronic to facilitate… Read More »Unilateral leg swelling: Post-Thrombotic Syndrome vs Lymphedema
A 55-year-old man was referred with severe shortness of breath and dyspnea on exertion. He had multiple Hospital presentations in the prior year with episodes of Acute Pulmonary Edema. He was in NYHA class III. On presentation, BP was 98/60… Read More »Effects of Heart Failure Optimal Medical Therapy (OMT) and CRT on Functional Mitral Valve Regurgitation
What is cardiac asthma or cardiac cough? For centuries, it has been known that cardiac diseases can cause dyspnea, cough and even expiratory wheeze, as we can see in asthmatic patients. The term “Cardiac Asthma” has been used very loosely… Read More »Cardiac Asthma (Cardiac Cough): revisiting an old entity
The link between weight loss and improvement in blood pressure readings and other health benchmarks is well-established. Many years of extensive research and tens of thousands of participants in different trials have helped us establish this strong association. As our… Read More »Sinus Bradycardia and Hypotension post Bariatric Surgery
What are the main causes of swollen legs? One of the most common complaints in medicine is swollen legs. Swelling of the legs or “leg edema” is a manifestation of an underlying disease that needs to be found. Many pathologies can… Read More »Lower Limb Edema (Swollen Legs) and Chronic Venous Insufficiency
An unexpected fatal heart attack, especially in a young or middle-aged person, is one of the most devastating experiences for the community and the relatives. Many decades of research and significant manpower have been dedicated to researching the cause of… Read More »How to reduce the risk of a sudden Heart Attack
What is Nocebo and how it is different from Placebo? To better understand the difference between Placebo vs Nocebo, Let’s start with a familiar scenario. You visited your doctor, and she was concerned about your blood pressure. You knew that… Read More »Placebo vs Nocebo: A Powerful Mind Game
What is Coronary Calcium Score? For decades, investigators have been trying to discover the “risk factors” that increase the chance of heart attack. They have identified many of these risk factors through years of intensive and elegant research [1]. These include… Read More »Coronary Calcium Score (Coronary Artery Calcification): Nuts and Bolts
Whenever we hear the term “heart failure”, immediately left ventricle comes into mind. However, in about 2% of patients who present with “clinical features of heart failure”, the primary pathology originates from the right side of the heart (right ventricle,… Read More »Pacemaker-related Tricuspid Regurgitation and Right Heart Failure
Can Amiodarone cause nephropathy (nephrotoxicity)? Amiodarone is well known for many side effects, some severe and life-threatening, including pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and thyrotoxicity. One of the organs that could also be affected by Amiodarone is Kidney. Fortunately, Amiodarone-induced nephropathy is… Read More »Amiodarone-induced nephropathy: A case study